Understanding Diabetes: Types, Causes, Signs, Prevention, Treatment, and the Role of Physiotherapy
▫️Written by John Keller
✅ Reviewed by Dr. Jenny Hynes on October 10, 2024
Diabetes is a prevalent metabolic condition affecting millions globally, characterized by its impact on blood sugar regulation and overall health. Research indicates that the worldwide prevalence of diabetes has been steadily rising, with Type 2 diabetes being the most common form due to lifestyle and genetic factors (Cho et al., 2018). Understanding diabetes is crucial not only for those directly affected but also for caregivers who play a supportive role in managing the condition. Physiotherapy is emerging as an important component in diabetes management, contributing significantly to improving mobility, reducing pain, and enhancing the quality of life for patients (Colberg et al., 2016).
What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a chronic condition that disrupts how the body processes blood sugar (glucose). It affects overall health by impairing energy production and increasing the risk of serious health complications. There are different types of diabetes, each with unique challenges.
Types of diabetes
Type 1 diabetes: An autoimmune condition where the body mistakenly attacks insulin-producing cells.
Type 2 diabetes: A metabolic disorder in which the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn't produce enough of it.
Gestational diabetes: Develops during pregnancy and usually resolves after birth but increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes later in life.
Prediabetes: Blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not high enough for a diabetes diagnosis, indicating a higher risk of developing Type 2 diabetes.
Causes of diabetes
Genetic factors: Family history can significantly increase the likelihood of developing diabetes.
Lifestyle factors: Unhealthy diets, lack of exercise, and obesity are leading contributors to Type 2 diabetes.
Autoimmune response: The immune system mistakenly attacks insulin-producing cells in Type 1 diabetes.
Pregnancy-related factors: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can trigger gestational diabetes.
Signs and symptoms of diabetes
Common symptoms of diabetes include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Early detection is crucial to managing the condition and preventing complications, as symptoms can vary depending on the type.
Prevention of diabetes
Healthy eating: A diet rich in fiber and whole grains while low in refined sugars helps regulate blood sugar.
Physical activity: Regular exercise improves insulin sensitivity and supports weight management.
Weight management: Maintaining a healthy weight reduces the risk of Type 2 diabetes.
Monitoring and early detection: Regular blood sugar testing is essential for those at higher risk.
Treatment and diagnostics of diabetes
Diagnostics: Tests like fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and glucose tolerance tests help diagnose diabetes and guide treatment.
Treatment options:
Medication: Includes insulin therapy and oral medications to control blood sugar.
Lifestyle changes: Emphasis on a balanced diet, regular exercise, and weight management.
Monitoring: Tools like continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) help keep blood sugar levels in check.
Complication management: Focuses on addressing issues like neuropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular risks.
The role of physiotherapy in managing diabetes
Physiotherapy is crucial in diabetes care by enhancing physical function and controlling blood sugar.
Exercise programs: Customized exercises to improve insulin sensitivity.
Foot care: Vital in preventing and managing diabetic foot complications.
Pain management: Techniques to reduce pain from diabetic neuropathy.
Improving mobility: Exercises that help maintain physical function and prevent disability.
Education and self-management: Empowering patients with knowledge to manage their condition effectively.
Conclusion
Understanding diabetes and its management options is vital for controlling the condition and maintaining a good quality of life. Consulting with healthcare professionals, including certified physiotherapists, is key to creating a personalized diabetes care plan that addresses individual needs.
References:
Kaur, J., Singh, S. K., & Singhvij, J. (2015). Physiotherapy and rehabilitation in the management of diabetes mellitus: a review. Indian Journal of Scientific Research, 6(2), 171-181.
Jahantigh Akbari, N., Hosseinifar, M., Naimi, S. S., Mikaili, S., & Rahbar, S. (2020). The efficacy of physiotherapy interventions in mitigating the symptoms and complications of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review. Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders, 19, 1995-2004.
Shanahan, H. (2014). An overview of the role of physiotherapy in managing diabetes and diabetes-associated conditions. South African Journal of Diabetes and Vascular Disease, 11(3), 104-107.
Fabiola, M., Sharmila, G., Thirumagal, J., Vennila, S., Aruna, S., & Ahamed, M. I. (2021). Review Of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation In Diabetes Mellitus Management. Turkish Online Journal of Qualitative Inquiry, 12(10).
Article by
John Keller
Clinical Director | Sports & Musculoskeletal Physiotherapist
John graduated as a Physiotherapist from the Auckland University of Technology with the John Morris memorial prize for outstanding clinical practise in 2003. John has since completed Post Graduate Diplomas in both Sports Medicine and Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy with distinction, also collecting the Searle Shield for excellence in Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy.
Reviewed by
Dr. Jenny Hynes FACP
Clinical Director | Specialist Musculoskeletal Physiotherapist
Jenny sat extensive examinations to be inducted as a fellow into the Australian College of Physiotherapy in 2009 and gain the title of Specialist Musculoskeletal Physiotherapist, one of only a few physiotherapists in the state to have done so.