Understanding Cancer: Types, Causes, Signs, Prevention, Treatment, and the Role of Physiotherapy
▫️Written by John Keller
✅ Reviewed by Dr. Jenny Hynes on September 23, 2024
Cancer is a group of diseases marked by uncontrolled cell growth, impacting individuals physically and emotionally, and burdening society. Understanding cancer helps patients and caregivers manage treatment and improve quality of life. Physiotherapy supports cancer care by addressing pain, improving mobility, and enhancing physical function, thus contributing significantly to patient well-being.
Types of cancer
Carcinomas
Carcinomas arise in the skin or tissues lining internal organs. Common examples include breast and lung cancer. They are the most prevalent type of cancer and can spread to other organs.
Sarcomas
Sarcomas develop in connective tissues such as bone, cartilage, and muscle. Examples include osteosarcoma (bone) and liposarcoma (fat). They are rare and often challenging to diagnose and treat.
Leukemias
Leukemias affect blood and bone marrow, leading to abnormal blood cell production. Types include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). They can cause severe blood-related issues and require specialized treatments.
Lymphomas
Lymphomas involve the lymphatic system, including Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. These cancers impact lymph nodes and lymphatic tissues, with treatment complexities due to their spread through the lymphatic system.
Brain and spinal cord tumors
These tumors affect the central nervous system, including gliomas and meningiomas. They present challenges due to their impact on brain function and the need for intricate treatments.
Each cancer type has unique challenges and prevalence rates, influencing diagnosis and treatment strategies.
Causes of cancer
Genetic factors
Inherited genetic mutations can increase the risk of developing cancer. These mutations can be passed from parents to children and may lead to cancers such as breast, ovarian, or colon cancer. Genetic predispositions can significantly influence an individual's likelihood of developing certain cancers.
Environmental exposure
Exposure to carcinogens in the environment can contribute to cancer risk. For instance, tobacco smoke, UV radiation from the sun, and pollutants can damage DNA and lead to cancer. Prolonged exposure to these environmental factors increases the likelihood of developing cancers like lung, skin, and bladder cancer.
Lifestyle choices
Diet, physical activity, and substance use play a crucial role in cancer risk. Poor dietary habits, lack of exercise, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking can all increase the risk of various cancers. Adopting a healthy lifestyle can help reduce the likelihood of developing cancer.
Infections
Certain viruses and bacteria are linked to cancer development. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cervical and other cancers, while Hepatitis B and C viruses are linked to liver cancer. These infections can cause chronic inflammation and cellular changes that may lead to cancer.
Understanding these factors helps in identifying high-risk individuals and implementing preventive measures to reduce cancer incidence.
Signs and symptoms of cancer
Common signs and symptoms
Lumps or Masses: Unexplained lumps or swelling in any part of the body.
Unexplained Weight Loss: Significant weight loss without a known cause.
Fatigue: Persistent, severe tiredness that doesn't improve with rest.
Changes in Skin: Unusual changes in skin color, texture, or new moles.
Importance of early detection
Early detection of cancer is crucial because it often leads to better treatment outcomes. Identifying cancer at an early stage can increase the chances of successful treatment and improve survival rates. Early intervention also allows for less aggressive treatments and better management of the disease.
Variation by cancer type
Symptoms can vary widely depending on the cancer type and its location. For example, lung cancer might cause a persistent cough, while colorectal cancer might lead to changes in bowel habits. Understanding the specific symptoms associated with different cancers helps in timely diagnosis and treatment.
Prevention of cancer
Healthy lifestyle choices
Adopting a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding harmful substances like tobacco and excessive alcohol can significantly reduce cancer risk. Maintaining a healthy weight and staying active are crucial for overall health and cancer prevention.
Screening and vaccination
Regular screenings and vaccinations are key preventive measures. Recommended screenings include mammograms for breast cancer, colonoscopies for colorectal cancer, and Pap smears for cervical cancer. Vaccinations, such as the HPV vaccine, can protect against cancers linked to viral infections.
Environmental precautions
Minimize exposure to known carcinogens by using sunscreen to protect against UV radiation, avoiding secondhand smoke, and being cautious with chemicals and pollutants. Taking these precautions can help reduce the risk of skin cancer and other cancers related to environmental factors.
Practical tips
Diet: Eat a variety of healthy foods and limit processed foods.
Exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week.
Avoid smoking: Don't use tobacco products and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke.
Screenings: Follow recommended screening guidelines based on age and risk factors.
Vaccinations: Get vaccinated against HPV and other preventable infections.
Implementing these strategies can help lower cancer risk and promote overall health.
Treatment and diagnostics of cancer
Diagnostics
Imaging: Techniques like X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans create detailed pictures of the inside of the body to detect tumors and assess their size and location.
Biopsies: Involves taking a sample of tissue from the body to examine it for cancer cells.
Blood tests: Used to check for substances released by tumors or other indicators of cancer.
Staging
Cancer staging involves determining the extent of cancer's spread, from the primary site to other parts of the body. Staging is crucial for planning treatment and predicting prognosis. Stages range from I (localized) to IV (advanced), with each stage influencing the choice of treatment options.
Treatment options
Surgery: Removes tumors and surrounding affected tissues. Often used to eliminate cancer or reduce its size before other treatments.
Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells throughout the body. Effective for cancers that have spread or are at high risk of recurrence.
Radiation therapy: Delivers high-energy radiation to targeted cancer cells, shrinking tumors and reducing symptoms.
Immunotherapy: Enhances the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. Includes checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T cell therapy.
Targeted therapy: Focuses on specific molecules involved in cancer growth, interfering with cancer cell function while minimizing damage to normal cells.
Hormone therapy: Blocks or alters hormones that fuel certain cancers, such as breast or prostate cancer.
Choosing the right treatment
The treatment plan depends on the cancer type, stage, and individual patient factors. A combination of treatments may be used to achieve the best outcome. Decisions are made by considering the cancer’s characteristics, overall health of the patient, and potential side effects.
The Role of physiotherapy in cancer treatment
Physiotherapy supports cancer patients by addressing various physical and emotional challenges associated with cancer and its treatment. It plays a crucial role in improving overall quality of life and managing side effects.
Physical rehabilitation
Physiotherapy techniques help manage side effects such as fatigue, pain, and muscle weakness. Tailored exercise programs and strength training can combat muscle wasting and improve endurance, helping patients recover strength and stamina throughout and after cancer treatment.
Lymphedema management
Lymphedema, or swelling due to lymphatic system blockages, can be managed with physiotherapy. Techniques include manual lymphatic drainage, compression garments, and specialized exercises to reduce swelling and improve lymphatic flow.
Pain management
Physiotherapy methods for pain relief include therapeutic exercises, manual therapy, and modalities like heat and cold treatments. These approaches help alleviate pain associated with cancer and its treatments, improving comfort and function.
Improving mobility and function
Physiotherapists design exercise programs to maintain or restore physical function. These may include strength training, balance exercises, and stretching to help patients maintain mobility and independence, reducing the risk of functional decline.
Enhancing quality of life
Physiotherapy also addresses mental well-being by helping manage stress, anxiety, and depression through supportive counseling, relaxation techniques, and physical activity. Improving physical health through physiotherapy can boost overall mental health and well-being.
Case studies and success stories
Numerous case studies highlight the benefits of physiotherapy in cancer care. For instance, patients with breast cancer who engaged in physiotherapy reported significant improvements in mobility and reduced lymphedema. Another study found that exercise interventions helped reduce fatigue and improve quality of life in patients undergoing chemotherapy.
Overall, physiotherapy offers valuable support for cancer patients, enhancing physical function, managing symptoms, and improving overall quality of life.
Conclusion
Cancer treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including medical interventions and supportive therapies. Understanding cancer types, causes, and symptoms is crucial for effective management. Early detection and appropriate treatment options are key to improving outcomes. Physiotherapy plays a vital role in supporting cancer patients by managing side effects, improving mobility, and enhancing overall quality of life.
For comprehensive cancer care, it is essential to seek professional medical advice and consider the benefits of physiotherapy. Consulting with a certified physiotherapist can provide personalized support tailored to individual needs, helping to manage symptoms and improve well-being throughout the cancer journey.
Consult with a certified physiotherapist to explore how personalized cancer treatment support can enhance your overall health and quality of life.
References:
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Mayo Clinic. (2022, December 7). Cancer - Symptoms and Causes. Mayo Clinic; Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cancer/symptoms-causes/syc-20370588
National Cancer Institute. (2024, May 9). Cancer Statistics. National Cancer Institute; Cancer.gov. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics
Zyzniewska-Banaszak, E., Kucharska-Mazur, J., & Mazur, A. (2021). Physiotherapy and Physical Activity as Factors Improving the Psychological State of Patients With Cancer. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 772694. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.772694
Article by
John Keller
Clinical Director | Sports & Musculoskeletal Physiotherapist
John graduated as a Physiotherapist from the Auckland University of Technology with the John Morris memorial prize for outstanding clinical practise in 2003. John has since completed Post Graduate Diplomas in both Sports Medicine and Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy with distinction, also collecting the Searle Shield for excellence in Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy.
Reviewed by
Dr. Jenny Hynes FACP
Clinical Director | Specialist Musculoskeletal Physiotherapist
Jenny sat extensive examinations to be inducted as a fellow into the Australian College of Physiotherapy in 2009 and gain the title of Specialist Musculoskeletal Physiotherapist, one of only a few physiotherapists in the state to have done so.